Robotics paper index

Freehand Sketching for End-User Programming of Robot Swarms

2026-09-10 · arXiv: 2609.11078

One-line summary

A robotics research paper on Freehand Sketching for End-User Programming of Robot Swarms.

Engineering notes

Engineering notes will be added by the Robot Papers editorial team.

Chinese explanation / 中文解读

中文解读待补充:本站会优先为 VLA、具身智能、人形机器人控制、机器人操作等高价值论文补充中文说明。

Original abstract

Robot swarms are increasingly used in applications where accessible interaction with non-expert users is desirable. This paper investigates freehand sketching as an end-user programming interface for specifying robot swarm geometries. Users communicate spatial intent through a drawing, while the swarm autonomously extracts target formation points, constructs a rigid formation graph, assigns robots to formation nodes, and executes distributed formation control with a guarantee against unintended reflected formations. The resulting sketch-to-swarm framework is evaluated through a human study examining the usability of freehand formation specification. Twenty participants generated $42$ geometric shapes, and the interface achieved a mean System Usability Scale score of $84.25$, which conventionally indicates high perceived usability. The results support freehand sketching as an intuitive interaction abstraction for human-swarm collaboration without requiring robotics or programming expertise.

5.0Engineering value
7.0Research novelty
4.0Business relevance

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